From most articles that i have read, the Pope was actually a friend and supporter of Galileo. He was even somewhat of a celebrity in Rome. Galileo's theories (that the sun was the center of the universe, not the earth) was actually pretty accepted by most priests, however he could not prove this without a doubt do to the lack of technology and he wanted to teach his theory as absolute truth. Because of this, Galileo began attacking the Pope and church (verbally) and that's when the church went after him. He was sentenced for "academic disobedience" and not heresy.
Except the idea that because God created us and we are obviously special, the Earth MUST be the center of the universe. A literal interpretation would lead one to believe that. Scripture about the the "unmoving" nature of the world was taught as science as there was no difference to the Catholic Church. Except for the Jesuits.
http://web.archive.org/web/200709300...html#conreport
Check Decree of the Index (5 March 1616) for "heresies"
Check under Sentence (22 June 1633) for the why
Not disagreeing with in regard to what was taught as science/theology, but Galileo was certainly not the first to suggest this theory, it was Copernicus many years before and their were many more in between. The difference was Galalio wanted to teach it as an absolute truth, even though most scientist at the time did not accept it as that. They did not have the technology to prove it. So Galileo then started taking shots at the church. That is when he got himself into trouble.
You are absolutely correct about the "obvious reasons". You are also correct about Copernicus and the majority of people who believed in a Copernican system that it led to a change in the calendar! If you are interested in pre- and Renaissance astronomy, check out the biographies of Brahe and Kepler. Kepler's work on solving the mystery of Mars' retrograde motion was huge and , coincidentally, Mars begins retrograde next week. Nerd alert!
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